The History of Laparoscopy
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1929 - Heinz Kalk, a german gastroenterologist, is considered the founder of the German School of Laparoscopy. Kalk developed a 135 degree lens system and a dual trocar aproach. He used laparoscopy as a diagnostic method for liver and gallbladder disease. In 1939 he publish his experience of 2000 liver biopsies performed using local anesthesia without mortality.
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1934 - John C. Ruddock, an american internist described laparoscopic as a good diagnostic method, many times, superior than laparotomy. His instrument consisted of a built-in forceps with electrocoagulation capacity.
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